Water Storage Tanks in Comoros

Buy High-Quality, Affordable Galvanized Water Tanks in Comoros

African Tanks supplies durable galvanised and bolted steel water storage tanks in Comoros, serving household, agricultural, NGO, and community buyers across Grande Comore, Anjouan, and Moheli. Every tank ships from South Africa and arrives either as a complete unit or in modular flat-pack panels designed for assembly in remote locations. Contact African Tanks directly for sizing, pricing, and delivery options for your site in Comoros.

 

What Is Water Storage?

Buying a cost-effective galvanised water storage tank is one of the best ways to store and save water safely in Comoros.

Each of our tanks provides a clean environment for storing either clean or greywater. African Tank Systems leads the industry in custom-designed bulk storage tanks and systems.

Water storage is a broad term covering both potable (safe to drink) and non-potable (not fit for consumption) water. Many African countries face water shortages due to drought or a lack of clean, available water. Water reservoirs keep communities in Comoros hydrated through rain and greywater storage.

Private homes, small and large businesses, factories, and warehouses enjoy many benefits from saving water – including cost reduction and fire suppression in emergency situations. With climate change, unpredictable weather patterns, and escalating utility costs, water storage solutions are no longer optional.

Water scarcity is the lack of sufficient available water resources to meet demand within a region. It already affects every continent and around 2.8 billion people for at least one month each year. More than 1.2 billion people lack access to clean drinking water.

A water crisis occurs when available potable, unpolluted water within a region falls below that region’s demand. Two converging forces drive water scarcity: growing freshwater use and depletion of usable freshwater resources.

 

 

African Tanks supplies the best water storage tanks in Comoros – galvanised steel, bolted panel, and sectional designs built for island conditions. Tanks suit household rainwater harvesting, smallholder farm irrigation, community supply, and NGO WASH programmes. Modular bolted tanks ship flat via Dar-es-Salaam and assemble on-site anywhere on Grande Comore, Anjouan, or Moheli. Contact African Tanks for sizing, pricing, and delivery.

 

Why Water Storage Matters in Comoros in 2026

 

Comoros faces one of Africa’s most acute water security challenges. Government estimates show that only 15 percent of the population has access to a safe, reliable water source – and the country’s Resilient Water Supply Action Programme (PARWS) is racing to reach 100 percent by 2030.

That gap means on-site water storage tanks in Comoros are not a convenience; they are a necessity for households, farms, and institutions that cannot wait for piped supply to arrive.

The three islands face distinct challenges. Grande Comore has no rivers at all – its 50 percent rural upland population relies entirely on rainwater harvesting.

On Anjouan, deforestation has cut the number of rivers from 40 a few decades ago to just 20 today, and dry-season flows are dropping further. On Moheli, communities depend wholly on seasonally variable streams. In all cases, on-farm and community-level storage bridges the gap when natural supply runs low.

Climate projections make the outlook harder. UN models indicate a potential reduction in dry-season rainfall of up to 47 percent by 2090, combined with more intense cyclone activity and rising sea levels pushing saline intrusion into coastal groundwater.

In 2024, Moroni allocated emergency funds to tackle a prolonged drought that cut urban water distribution. Buyers who invest in galvanised steel water storage tanks now protect their households, farms, and businesses against disruptions that are becoming more frequent.

The national water authority, SONEDE, manages piped supply but distribution gaps remain wide outside urban Moroni.

In addition, Comoros’s island logistics – materials must transit the port of Dar-es-Salaam before reaching the islands, and rocky volcanic terrain limits borehole drilling to just 40 centimetres per day – make locally-sited storage tanks the most reliable solution for buyers who cannot depend on centralised infrastructure.

 

What makes water storage so important in Comoros?

Comoros is a small island state where no land sits more than 7 km from the coast and natural freshwater storage capacity is very limited.

Grande Comore has no rivers, and rural communities on Anjouan and Moheli depend on seasonal streams that dry up during the May-to-October dry season.

On-site water storage tanks in Comoros fill the gap between unreliable piped supply and community water demand.

For farms, households, and institutions, a galvanised steel tank is the most cost-effective way to guarantee supply when natural sources run low.

 

Portable Water Storage Solutions for Comoros

 

African Tank Systems provides portable water storage solutions ideal for areas in Comoros with known water shortages. Emergency water storage, including rainwater collection and rainwater harvesting tanks, supports communities across all three islands. In rural areas and small farming communities, rainwater helps maintain livestock, irrigate food crops, and break down compost. Rainwater is suitable for rinsing fruit and vegetables directly from a garden or plantation.

Beyond agriculture, collected rainwater serves a wide range of household needs:

• Safe for drinking and cooking once boiled or filtered
• Bathing and personal hygiene
• Laundry
• Flushing toilets
• Watering gardens and houseplants
• Composting
• Water for wildlife, pets, and livestock
• Outdoor ponds
• Rinsing vegetables
• Washing vehicles and equipment
• Fire protection

 

African Tank water storage systems give buyers in Comoros an easy, cost-effective way to save water at a fraction of the price of alternative solutions. This is an affordable, warranty-protected solution for either long or short-term water storage.

 

Is galvanised steel safe for drinking water in Comoros?

Yes. African Tanks applies food-grade internal coatings and liners to potable water tanks, keeping stored water safe for drinking throughout the tank’s working life.

Galvanised steel also resists the salt-air corrosion common across Comoros’s coastal island environment.

Buyers should specify potable-grade spec when ordering and confirm that the supplier includes a hygienic liner – African Tanks includes this as standard on all drinking water tank orders.

 

Types of Water Storage Tanks Available for Comoros

 

African Tanks supplies four core tank types to buyers across Grande Comore, Anjouan, and Moheli. Each type suits different capacity requirements, site conditions, and budgets. The table below gives a fast comparison so buyers can match the right tank to their project before contacting us for a quote.

 

Tank type	Capacity range	Best used for	Why it suits Comoros
Steel tanks	50,000 – 5,000,000+ L	Irrigation, NGO projects, community supply	High strength for large-volume rural and WASH programme needs across Grande Comore and Anjouan
Galvanised tanks	10,000 – 1,000,000 L	Schools, clinics, smallholder farms	Zinc coating handles humid tropical climate; cost-effective for mid-range community and agricultural needs
Bolted tanks	100,000 – 10,000,000+ L	Remote sites, government infrastructure, UNDP/GCF projects	Flat-pack panels ship via Dar-es-Salaam port and hand-carry to remote sites where vehicles cannot reach
Sectional tanks	10,000 – 500,000 L	Urban buildings, hotels, commercial sites in Moroni	Space-efficient for urban building integration and coastal resorts with high seasonal demand

 

Steel Tanks

Steel tanks deliver the highest capacity range in the African Tanks range, scaling from 50,000 litres to well over 5,000,000 litres for large community supply and NGO infrastructure projects. Buyers in Comoros use them for UNDP-supported water access programmes, large-scale irrigation on agricultural land, and bulk supply for municipal water points. As a result, steel tanks appear frequently in Green Climate Fund and WASH programme specifications across the three islands.

• Capacity: 50,000 – 5,000,000+ litres
• Best for: irrigation, NGO projects, community water supply
• Why Comoros: handles high-volume demand where SONEDE distribution does not reach

 

Galvanised Tanks

Galvanised tanks combine affordability with durability in a format that suits Comoros’s tropical, salt-air coastal climate. Zinc coating protects the steel against the humidity and corrosive ocean air that affects every part of the archipelago. In addition, galvanised tanks offer a cost-effective solution for schools, rural clinics, smallholder farms growing ylang-ylang and vanilla, and household rainwater harvesting systems across all three islands.

• Capacity: 10,000 – 1,000,000 litres
• Best for: schools, clinics, smallholder farms, household backup
• Why Comoros: corrosion-resistant construction for humid tropical and coastal conditions

 

Bolted Tanks

Bolted tanks are the most practical solution for remote sites in Comoros. Each unit ships as flat-pack modular panels that travel by sea – typically via the port of Dar-es-Salaam – and then onward to whichever island needs them. Beyond the dock, teams can hand-carry individual panels to upland sites where vehicles cannot reach on Grande Comore’s rocky volcanic terrain. That flexibility makes bolted tanks the first choice for government infrastructure projects, GCF-funded water points, and any installation beyond road networks.

• Capacity: 100,000 – 10,000,000+ litres
• Best for: remote sites, government infrastructure, UNDP and GCF water programmes
• Why Comoros: flat-pack design survives the multi-leg island shipping route and assembles on-site with basic tools

 

Sectional Tanks

Sectional tanks work well in urban settings where space is limited and building integration matters. In Moroni and coastal resort developments on Moheli, buyers use sectional tanks as backup supply during SONEDE distribution gaps or as primary storage for commercial and hospitality sites. Space-efficient panel construction means installation teams can fit larger capacities into confined building footprints.

• Capacity: 10,000 – 500,000 litres
• Best for: urban buildings, hotels, commercial sites in Moroni
• Why Comoros: space-efficient for coastal resort and commercial site integration

 

What is the best tank for a remote site in Comoros?

Bolted steel tanks are the best option for remote sites on Grande Comore, Anjouan, or Moheli.

They ship as flat-pack modular panels that travel by sea, including through the port of Dar-es-Salaam, and teams can hand-carry individual components to upland villages where road access does not exist.

On-site assembly requires only basic tools and no heavy equipment.

Bolted tanks also scale from 100,000 litres to over 10,000,000 litres, making them suitable for both small community water points and large infrastructure programmes.

 

Available Capacity Sizes

 

We stock and manufacture multiple sizes, designs, capacities, and types of steel and galvanised tanks for sale. Large capacity options include:

• 30,000 litres
• 50,000 litres
• 75,000 litres
• 100,000 litres
• 250,000 litres
• 500,000 litres

Contact us for further information on water tank dimensions, capacity, available price lists, and current special offers.

 

Available designs include rectangular, circular (round), square, elevated, and custom or customised configurations in galvanised and steel construction.

 

Water Storage by Sector in Comoros

Different sectors across Grande Comore, Anjouan, and Moheli have different capacity requirements and storage drivers. The table below helps buyers match their sector to the right tank size range and understand why on-site storage is critical for their operation.

 

Sector	Typical capacity needed	Why storage is critical here
Smallholder farming (ylang-ylang, vanilla, rice, cloves)	10,000 – 500,000 L	Dry-season irrigation keeps export crops viable when seasonal streams on Anjouan and Moheli run low
Municipal and community supply	50,000 – 1,000,000+ L	SONEDE distribution gaps mean villages need on-site storage to bridge irregular piped supply
Rainwater harvesting (rural upland communities)	10,000 – 250,000 L	Grande Comore has no rivers; upland communities depend on captured rainfall as their only freshwater source
NGO and WASH programmes	50,000 – 500,000 L	GCF and UNDP-funded projects specify durable steel tanks for community water points in underserved areas
Agriculture and irrigation	50,000 – 2,000,000+ L	Rain-fed agriculture supports 80% of rural livelihoods; on-farm storage buffers the shortened dry season
Tourism and hospitality (Grande Comore, Moheli)	10,000 – 250,000 L	Coastal resorts require consistent potable supply independent of the unreliable municipal network
Construction and remote sites	5,000 – 500,000 L	Volcanic terrain and island logistics require self-sufficient water supply at every project site

 

Custom Water Storage Applications in Comoros

Custom water storage solutions suit a wide range of applications across Comoros. African Tanks designs and manufactures tanks for:

• Commercial water storage
• Residential water storage
• Rural water storage
• Industrial water storage

 

What size water storage tank does a family of four need in Comoros?

A family of four in Comoros typically needs between 10,000 and 30,000 litres of on-site storage to cover the full dry season from May to October.

That range accounts for daily drinking, cooking, bathing, and basic irrigation.

Buyers on Grande Comore’s upland areas – where rainfall is the only freshwater source – should size toward the upper end of that range to handle low-rainfall months. African Tanks can advise on the right capacity for your specific island location and household size.

 

Why Choose African Tanks Water Storage Systems?

 

African Tanks builds galvanised and bolted steel water storage tanks that outlast plastic alternatives by decades. For buyers in Comoros, where island logistics make replacement expensive and difficult, that durability matters. The table below summarises the key benefits and what they mean in practice for buyers across the three islands.

 

Benefit	What it means for buyers in Comoros
Warranty protection	Every tank carries written warranty cover – critical for remote island installations where supplier access is limited
Galvanised steel construction	Zinc coating resists corrosion in Comoros’s humid tropical, salt-air coastal environment – outlasting plastic by decades
Hygienic potable storage	Food-grade coatings and liners keep drinking water safe throughout the tank’s working life – essential where less than 15% of the population has access to a reliable clean water source
Modular panel design	Flat-pack components ship via the port of Dar-es-Salaam, then onward to Comoros – and hand-carry to sites beyond road networks on rocky volcanic terrain
Custom capacities	Tanks scale from 10,000 L household backup to 5,000,000+ L community and irrigation supply – no fixed standard size required
Affordable long-term solution	Steel outlasts plastic by 20-30 years – lower total cost over the tank’s working life despite higher upfront investment
After-sales support	African Tanks provides installation guidance and remote technical support after delivery – important for buyers on island sites

 

 

2026 Buyer Considerations for Water Storage Tanks in Comoros

Choosing the right water storage tank in Comoros requires buyers to think carefully about island-specific conditions. The considerations below apply across Grande Comore, Anjouan, and Moheli and reflect the realities of tropical island logistics, climate variability, and remote site access.

 

Consideration	What to think about
Daily water demand	Base tank size on peak-use days, not average – seasonal demand spikes during dry months are common across all three islands
Water source type	Rainfall (dominant on Grande Comore uplands), seasonal streams (Anjouan and Moheli), or SONEDE piped supply – each affects sizing differently
Potable vs non-potable use	Potable storage requires certified food-grade coatings; irrigation and livestock use does not
Island logistics and access	Remote sites need modular bolted tanks that ship flat and assemble on-site; urban Moroni sites benefit from compact sectional designs
Dry season duration	The dry season in Comoros typically runs from May to October – size for the full gap between reliable rainfall events
Cyclone resilience	Tanks must anchor securely against tropical cyclone winds – bolted steel panels handle severe weather far better than plastic
Saline air corrosion	Coastal sites within 7 km of the ocean (all of Comoros) need zinc-coated galvanised steel to resist salt-air corrosion
Expansion plans	Oversizing by 20% now costs less than adding a second tank later – particularly important given island logistics and import costs
Budget vs lifespan	Steel outlasts plastic by 20-30 years – factor total cost over the tank’s working life, not just upfront price

 

How to Choose the Right Tank Size for Your Site in Comoros

 

Choosing the right tank size starts with understanding your daily water demand at peak use – not your average daily consumption.

In Comoros, where the dry season runs from May to October and piped supply through SONEDE is unreliable outside Moroni, buyers should size for the longest gap between reliable rainfall or utility supply events.

For a household of four to six people on Grande Comore’s upland areas – where rainwater harvesting is the only freshwater source – a tank in the range of 15,000 to 30,000 litres covers drinking, cooking, and basic hygiene through the dry season.

Smallholder farmers growing ylang-ylang, vanilla, rice, or cloves on Anjouan typically need between 50,000 and 250,000 litres to maintain irrigation when seasonal streams run low. For that size range, galvanised steel tanks offer the best combination of corrosion resistance and cost.

Community water points serving 200 to 500 households, NGO WASH installations, and SONEDE-supplementary infrastructure generally fall in the 250,000 to 1,000,000 litre range.

At that scale, bolted tank panels are the practical choice – flat-pack components travel by sea and assemble on-site without heavy equipment, which matters enormously on volcanic terrain where road access is limited.

Commercial and resort buyers in Moroni and coastal Moheli should size for peak occupancy demand plus a 20 percent buffer, typically between 50,000 and 250,000 litres depending on the property scale.

In all cases, oversizing by 20 percent at purchase costs far less than sourcing and shipping a second tank later. Island import costs, transit through Dar-es-Salaam, and logistics to the final site make additional deliveries significantly more expensive than getting the right capacity from the start.

Contact African Tanks for a free sizing consultation based on your island, sector, and site access conditions.

 

Delivery and Installation of Water Storage Tanks in Comoros

 

African Tanks manufactures all tanks in South Africa and ships them to buyers across Comoros. Complete steel units travel by sea to the nearest accessible port, while bolted and sectional tanks ship as flat-pack modular panels that teams assemble on-site.

For remote island sites beyond road networks on Grande Comore, Anjouan, or Moheli, individual panel components are light enough to hand-carry across volcanic terrain to the installation point – no heavy machinery required.

Once components reach site, assembly follows straightforward step-by-step installation guidance that African Tanks provides with every order.

After delivery, our team remains available for remote technical support and after-sales assistance throughout the tank’s working life.

Buyers who specify bolted tanks for NGO, government, or community water programmes can share site coordinates so African Tanks can advise on the most efficient panel configuration for their logistics route.

 

Get a Quote for Water Storage Tanks in Comoros

Contact African Tanks today to discuss your water storage requirements across Grande Comore, Anjouan, or Moheli.

• Contact us for a quote on galvanised water storage tanks in Comoros
• Speak to a specialist about tank sizing for your farm, household, or community project
• Get installation guidance for your remote or urban site in Comoros
• Request a current price list and capacity options for delivery to your island location

 

Frequently Asked Questions

Where can I buy water storage tanks in Comoros?

African Tanks ships water storage tanks to buyers across Comoros, including Grande Comore, Anjouan, and Moheli. Tanks travel by sea from South Africa, typically transiting the port of Dar-es-Salaam before reaching Comorian ports.

Bolted and sectional tanks ship as flat-pack panels for easier island logistics. Contact African Tanks directly to discuss capacity, delivery timelines, and shipping arrangements for your specific island location.

 

How much does a water storage tank cost in Comoros?

The cost of a water storage tank in Comoros depends on capacity, tank type, and delivery logistics. Galvanised tanks in the 10,000 to 100,000 litre range suit most household and smallholder farm budgets.

Bolted steel tanks for community and NGO projects carry higher upfront costs but a significantly lower total cost over a 20 to 30-year working life compared to plastic alternatives. Contact African Tanks for a current price list and capacity options tailored to your site and sector.

 

What size water tank do I need for a farm in Comoros?

Farm tank sizing in Comoros depends on crop type, irrigated area, and how long the dry season lasts at your site. Smallholder farmers growing ylang-ylang, vanilla, or rice on Anjouan typically need between 50,000 and 250,000 litres to maintain irrigation through the May-to-October dry season when seasonal streams run low.

Larger commercial operations may need 500,000 litres or more. African Tanks can advise on the right capacity for your farm, crop, and island location.

 

Are galvanised tanks safe for drinking water in Comoros?

Yes. African Tanks applies food-grade internal coatings and liners to all potable water tanks. These coatings keep stored water safe for drinking throughout the tank’s working life.

Galvanised steel also resists the salt-air corrosion common across Comoros’s coastal island environment. Buyers should specify potable-grade specification when ordering and confirm hygienic liner inclusion – African Tanks includes this as standard on all drinking water tank orders.

 

How long do steel water tanks last in Comoros?

A well-maintained galvanised or bolted steel water tank from African Tanks lasts 20 to 30 years under normal conditions. In Comoros’s humid tropical climate and salt-air coastal environment, zinc-coated galvanised steel outperforms plastic by a wide margin.

Plastic tanks become brittle under UV exposure and in salt-air conditions much faster than steel. The longer working life makes steel the lower total-cost option for buyers who factor lifetime ownership rather than upfront price alone.

 

What are galvanised water tanks made of?

Galvanised water tanks consist of steel panels or shells coated with a layer of zinc through a hot-dip galvanising process.

The zinc coating creates a physical barrier between the steel and the surrounding environment, preventing rust and corrosion.

In Comoros, where every point of land sits within 7 km of the ocean, that zinc layer is the key defence against the salt-air conditions that cause rapid corrosion in uncoated metals. Internal food-grade liners add a second layer of protection for potable water storage.

 

Can water tanks be delivered to remote villages in Comoros?

Yes. Bolted steel tanks from African Tanks ship as individual flat-pack panels light enough to hand-carry to sites beyond road access.

Teams have delivered tank components across volcanic terrain on Grande Comore and to upland communities on Anjouan using this approach.

It is the same logistics model that UNDP and GCF-funded water infrastructure programmes use for remote island installation. Contact African Tanks with your site location and access conditions so we can advise on the best tank configuration for your route.

 

What is the difference between bolted tanks and sectional tanks?

Bolted tanks use heavy-duty steel panels bolted together on-site, typically for large-capacity installations from 100,000 to 10,000,000+ litres. They suit remote rural sites, NGO water programmes, and government infrastructure projects.

Sectional tanks use smaller modular components suited to medium-capacity urban and commercial installations from 10,000 to 500,000 litres.

In Comoros, bolted tanks are the preferred choice for remote island sites, while sectional tanks suit urban Moroni buildings, hotels, and commercial properties where space is limited.

 

Do water tanks need maintenance in Comoros’s climate?

Galvanised and bolted steel tanks from African Tanks need minimal maintenance compared to plastic alternatives. Annual visual inspection of the zinc coating, fittings, and internal liner keeps a steel tank in good working order for 20 to 30 years.

In Comoros’s humid, salt-air environment, buyers should check coastal-facing external surfaces annually and address any surface scratches early to maintain the zinc barrier. African Tanks provides maintenance guidance with every installation and remote support after delivery.

 

Can African Tanks supply tanks for NGO and community water projects in Comoros?

Yes. African Tanks regularly supplies galvanised and bolted steel tanks to NGO, government, and UN-affiliated water access programmes across Africa.

In Comoros, where UNDP and GCF-funded programmes specify durable steel tanks for community water points, African Tanks can provide detailed product specifications, warranty documentation, and technical support to meet programme procurement requirements. Contact us to discuss bulk supply, delivery scheduling, and installation guidance for your Comoros water project.

 

How do I get a price for a water storage tank in Comoros?

Contact African Tanks directly with your required capacity in litres, your island location (Grande Comore, Anjouan, or Moheli), your intended use (potable or non-potable), and your site access conditions.

Our team will advise on the best tank type, confirm pricing, and arrange a delivery timeline to your nearest port. For remote sites, share your GPS coordinates or village name so we can advise on the most practical flat-pack panel configuration for your logistics route.

 

How important is on-site water storage in Comoros in 2026?

On-site water storage is more important than ever in Comoros in 2026. Government data shows only 15 percent of the population has access to a safe, reliable water source, and the country’s PARWS programme is working toward 100 percent access by 2030.

Until centralised infrastructure reaches rural communities – a process that will take years – on-site steel tanks remain the fastest and most reliable way for households, farms, and institutions to secure their own water supply.

The SONEDE utility also struggles to maintain consistent distribution outside Moroni, making private storage essential for business continuity.

 

What size tank is needed to survive the dry season in Comoros?

The dry season in Comoros typically runs from May to October – approximately six months. A family of four relying on rainwater as their primary source needs at least 15,000 to 30,000 litres of storage to cover that period for drinking, cooking, and basic hygiene.

Smallholder farmers on Anjouan who irrigate ylang-ylang or vanilla during the dry season need 50,000 to 250,000 litres depending on the irrigated area. The key rule is to size for the full dry season gap, not the average monthly demand.

 

Are steel tanks better than plastic for long-term water security in Comoros?

Steel tanks outperform plastic for long-term water security in Comoros on every key metric. They last 20 to 30 years versus 7 to 15 for plastic, resist the UV degradation and salt-air corrosion that Comoros’s coastal climate accelerates in plastic tanks, and handle cyclone-force winds far better when properly anchored.

For buyers who factor total lifetime cost rather than upfront price, galvanised steel delivers a significantly lower cost per year of service. In a country where importing replacement tanks is expensive and logistically complex, that durability advantage is especially valuable.

 

What is the lifespan of a galvanised water tank in Comoros’s climate?

A galvanised steel water tank from African Tanks lasts 20 to 30 years in Comoros’s humid tropical, salt-air island climate when properly installed and maintained.

The zinc coating applied through hot-dip galvanising protects the underlying steel against the ocean-air corrosion that affects coastal sites – and in Comoros, every part of the country sits within 7 km of the coast.

By comparison, plastic tanks typically last 7 to 15 years before UV degradation, brittleness, and algae growth require replacement. Steel is the only practical long-term solution for island sites where replacement logistics are costly.

 

How do water storage tanks support farming and food security in Comoros?

On-site water storage tanks directly support the 80 percent of Comoros’s rural population that depends on rain-fed agriculture for food and income.

On Anjouan, where rivers have dropped from 40 to just 20 over recent decades and dry-season flows are declining, farmers growing ylang-ylang, vanilla, rice, and cloves use galvanised steel tanks to store wet-season rainfall and maintain irrigation through the May-to-October dry season.

The GCF-funded climate water project in Comoros increased on-farm irrigation storage from 2,233 cubic metres to 14,982 cubic metres, benefiting nearly 5,000 farmers – a scale of impact that steel tanks make possible.